| Among contributors to the work of the | | | | These relationships were carried over into |
| Behavioral School there was Maslow, who | | | | the wider community. The introduction of new |
| explored personality and motivation during | | | | mechanical systems led to the |
| 1940s, although not specifically within the | | | | re--organization of these teams into larger |
| workplace. Maslow posited a hierarchy of | | | | groups under a single supervisor. The teams |
| needs – ranging through physiological | | | | were spread over much wider areas and divided |
| needs ultimately to self--actualization. As | | | | into specialized task groups. These changes |
| lower level needs are satisfied individuals | | | | to the old sub-systems made supervision |
| will seek to move to the next level. When | | | | difficult. Aspects of the old system were |
| physiological needs are met say through | | | | re-introduced and this led to improvements in |
| monetary reward they will satisfy their | | | | productivity and morale. Organizations came |
| safety needs by seeking say job security. | | | | to be seen as open systems reacting not only |
| Other research and writing on workplace | | | | with their internal sub-systems, but also |
| motivation was developed from Maslow’s | | | | with the wider external environment creating |
| work including McGregor, Herzberg and | | | | the Contingency Theory Approach. |
| Alderfer who improved upon Maslow’s | | | | |
| original work. | | | | The principal schools of thought that existed |
| | | | around 1950 have been briefly described |
| Organizations began to be seen as | | | | above. There has since been further work and |
| socio-technical systems by Trist and Bamforth | | | | study on organizations, the behaviour of |
| who researched the consequences of changes in | | | | people at work and the impact of changes in |
| work practices in British coalmines upon the | | | | processes, technology and the nature and |
| introduction of mechanization. The | | | | extent of markets. The initial reaction of |
| pre--existing short wall method was operated | | | | many is that these earlier approaches have no |
| by self-managing and close knit teams, which | | | | place in the 21 Century. Organizations, now, |
| were fiercely competitive with other teams. | | | | no longer supply goods they supply services. |